Within a few minutes you can have a fully working Arduino platform to work with as you will see in this tutorial.
Figure 1-2: Power setup with LED indicator.
Across the empty space on the breadboard
(the channel) you will need to place two hook-up wires for positive
(red) and ground (black) to jump power from one side of the breadboard
to the other.
Figure 1-3: Left and Right Power Rail Connections.
Figure 1-4:
For the LED status indicator, connect a 220& resistor (colored as:
red, red, brown) from power to the anode of the LED (positive side,
longer leg) and then a GND wire to the cathode side.
Figure 1-6: Supporting circuitry pins 15-28
Figure 1-7: Supporting circuitry pins 1-14
Referring to Figure 1-7, locate a spot where you have 6 columns on the breadboard that are not in contact with anything else. Place a row of six male header pins here.
The first option is to buy a TTL-232R 3.3V USB – TTL Level Serial Cable. These can be purchased at www.adafruit.com or www.ftdichip.com
Double check your connections, make sure
your 9V battery is not connected and hook up your programming option.
Open up the Arduino IDE and in the Example sketch files, under Digital,
load the Blink sketch.
Step 1 : Components
With a few inexpensive parts and a solderless breadboard you can quickly and easily build your own Arduino.
The example below shows how to hook up
the components on your breadboard. We will go into further detail
throughout this project.
Figure 1-1: Breadboard Arduino with USB programming ability.Step 2 : Setting Up Power
The first thing you need to do is set up power. With your breadboard and components in front of you... let's get started!
With this step, you will be setting the breadboard Arduino up for constant +5Volts power using a 7805 voltage regulator.
In order for the voltage regulator to
work, you need to provide more than 5V power. A typical 9V battery with a
snap connector would work just fine for this.
Power is going to come into the breadboard where you see the red and black + and –
squares. Then add one of the 10uF capacitors. The longer leg is the
Anode (Positive) and the shorter leg is the Cathode (Negative). Most
capacitors are also marked with a stripe down the negative side.
Now add the 7805 voltage regulator. The
7805 has three legs. If you are looking at it from the front, the left
leg is for voltage in (Vin) the middle leg is for ground (GND) and the
third leg is for voltage out (Vout). Make sure the left leg is lined up
with your positive power in, and the second pin to ground.
Coming out of the voltage regulator and
going to the power rail on the side of the breadboard you need to add a
GND wire to the ground rail and then the Vout wire (3rd leg
of the voltage regulator) to the positive rail. Add the second 10uF
capacitor to the power rail. Paying attention to the Positive and
Negative sides.
It’s a good idea to include an LED
status indicator which can be used for troubleshooting. To do this you
need to connect the right side power rail with the left power rail. Add
positive to positive and negative to negative wires at the bottom of
your breadboard.
Having power on the left and right
power rail will also help to keep your breadboard organized when
providing power to the various components.
Congratulations, now your breadboard is set up for +5V power. You can move onto the next step in the circuit design.
Step 3 : Arduino Pin Mapping
Now we want to prepare the ATmega168 or
328 chip. Before we begin, let’s take a look at what each pin on the
chip does in relationship to the Arduino functions. NOTE: The
ATmega328 runs pretty much the same speed, with same pinout, but
features more than twice the flash memory (30k vs 14k) and twice the
EEPROM (1Kb vs 512b).
Figure 1-5: Arduino Pin Mapping
The ATmega168 chip is created by
Atmel. If you look up the datasheet you won’t find that the above
references are the same. This is because the Arduino has its own
functions for these pins, and I have provided them only on this
illustration. If you would like to compare or need to know the actual
references for the chip, you can download a copy of the datasheet at www.atmel.com. Now that you know the layout of the pins, we can start hooking up the rest of the components.
Step 4 : Component Hook Up
To start, we will build the supporting
circuitry for one side of the chip and then move on to the other
side. Pin one on most chips has an identifier marker. Looking at the
ATmega168 or 328 you will notice a u-shaped notch at the top as well as a
small dot. The small dot indicates that this is pin 1.
From the GND power bus, add a jumper wire to pin 22. Next, from the positive power bus, add jumper wires to pin 20 (AVCC - Supply
voltage for the ADC converter. Needs to be connected to power if ADC
isn't being used and to power via a low-pass filter if it is (a low pass filter is a circuit that cleans out noise from the power source, we aren't using one)
Then add a jumper wire from the positive bus to pin 21 (Analog reference pin for ADC).
On the Arduino, pin 13 is the LED
pin. Note that on the actual chip the pin is number 19. When uploading
your sketch code and for all projects you will still reference this as
Pin 13.
To hook up the LED, add a 220&
resistor from GND to the cathode of the LED. Then from the anode of the
LED add a jumper wire to pin 19.
Now we can move onto the other side of the chip. You are almost finished!
Figure 1-7: Supporting circuitry pins 1-14
Above the ATmega168 chip near the pin 1
identifier, place the small tact switch. This switch is used for
resetting the Arduino. Right before you upload a new sketch to the chip
you will want to press this once. Now add a small jumper wire from pin 1
to the bottom leg of the switch then add the 10K resistor from power to
the pin 1 row on the breadboard. Finally add a GND jumper wire to the
top leg of the switch.
Add power and GND jumpers to pin 7(VCC)
and pin 8 (GND). Add the 16MHz clock crystal to pin 9 and 10 and then
the two .22pF capacitors from pins 9 and 10 to GND. (See note below for
alternative method).
Your basic breadboard arduino is now
complete. You could stop right here if you wanted to and swap an already
programmed chip from your Arduino board to the breadboard, but since
you came this far, you might as well finish off by adding some
programming pins. This will allow you to program the chip from the
breadboard.
NOTE: Instead of using the 16MHz clock crystal, you can use a 16 MHz ceramic resonator with built-in capacitors, three-terminal SIP package. You
will have to arrange your breadboard a little differently, the
resonator has three legs. The middle leg will go to ground and the other
two legs will go to pins 9 & 10 on the ATmega168 chip.
Referring to Figure 1-7, locate a spot where you have 6 columns on the breadboard that are not in contact with anything else. Place a row of six male header pins here.
With the breadboard facing you, the connections are as follows:
GND, NC, 5V, TX, RX, NC, I am also
calling these pins 1,2,3,4,5,6. From your power bus rail, add the GND
wire to pin 1 and a wire from power for pin 3. NC means not connected,
but you can connect these to GND if you want to.
From pin 2 on the ATmega168 chip, which
is the Arduino RX pin, you will connect a wire to pin 4 (TX) of your
programming headers. On the ATmega168 chip, pin 3 Arduino TX gets
connected to pin 5 (RX) on your header pins.
The communication looks like this: ATmega168 RX to Header Pin TX, and ATmega168 TX to Header Pin RX.
Now you can program your breadboard Arduino.
Step 5 : Programming Options
The other two options, which I prefer are to buy one of two breakout boards from www.SparkFun.com. They are:
- FT232RL USB to Serial Breakout Board, SKU: BOB-00718 (This option takes up more space on your breadboard)
- FTDI Basic Breakout - 3.3V SKU: DEV-08772 (This option, and using right angle male headers works the best out of all three because it is secured better on the breadboard)
Under the file option Serial Port, select the COM port that you are using with your USB cable. i.e. COM1, COM9, etc.
Under the file option Tools/Board, select either:
- Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega328
- Arduino Decimila, Duemilanove or Nano w/ATmega128
(depending on which chip you are using with your breadboard Arduino)
Now press the upload icon and then hit
the reset button on your breadboard. If you are using one of the
SparkFun breakout boards, you will see the RX and TX lights blink. This
lets you know that the data is being sent. Sometimes you need to wait a
few seconds after pressing the upload button before pressing the reset
switch. If you have trouble, just experiment a little with how fast you
go between the two.
This sketch if uploaded properly will
blink the LED on pin 13 on for one second, off for one second, on for
one second… until you either upload a new sketch or turn off the power.
Once you have uploaded the code, you can disconnect the programming board and use your 9V battery for power.
Step 6 : PCB Files
the PCB files can be downloaded from the following link :
Origninal tutorial by:
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